FINANCING THE ROMANIAN ECONOMY THROUGH INNOVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS IN A DIGITAL AND SUSTAINABLE CONTEXT

In a world marked by accelerated digitalization, recurring economic crises, and growing pressures from climate change and the transition to a sustainable economy, national economies must rethink their financing strategies. Given this context, innovative financial instruments are gaining importance, providing flexible and adaptable solutions to the needs of a dynamic and globalized market. Financing the national economy involves mobilizing and allocating the resources required for the development and functioning of key sectors such as infrastructure, education, and health, with the aim of fostering sustainable economic and social progress. This paper examines both public financing (through the state budget and governmental mechanisms) and private financing (through investments, bank loans, and capital markets), using a qualitative approach to assess Romania’s position in the field. The findings highlight the need to understand the main sources of financing — internal, such as national savings, taxes, and private contributions, and external, including loans from international financial institutions, foreign direct investment, and grants — in order to boost the sustainable growth of the national economy in the current digital context.